Phase-regulating device



Aug. 1s, 1925. 1,550,251

W; HAHNEMANN ET AL PHASE REGULATING DEVICE Filed Aug. 23,v 1921 4 Sheets-Sheet l f2 Cygg f Aug. 1s, 1925.

` 1,550,251 W. HAHNEMANN ET AL PHASE REGULATING DEVICE Filed Aug. 25, 1921 4 sheets-sheet z W. HAHNEMANN ET AL A PHASE REGULATING DEVICE Filed Aug. 23, 1921 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 /lixmfu/ Aug. 1s, 1925.

1,550,251 w. HAHNEMANN ET A1.

PHASE REGULATING DEVI'CE` med Aug. 2s, 1921 4 sheets-snee; 4

L i 2 l 'T l f3 Patented Aug. 18, 1925 UNITED STATESv rassen PATENT i0 FF-ICE.

XVALTERJ HAHNEMANN, TOFKI'lZEBERG, NEAR KIEL, AND NILHELM RUDOLPH AND .HEINRICH yHECHl, (DF KIEL, GERMANY, ASSIGNQRS TO vSIIlSlli,L GESELLSCHFT v'LiB. H., 0F .KIEL'VERK IRAVE'NSBERG, GERMANY,

Application ledAugust '23, 11921. Serial No. 49,4,574-

(GRANTED UNDERTHE PROVISIONS OFTHE ACT OF LEARCHS, 1921, il STAT., L., 1313;)

TocZZ whom it may concern:

Be it vknovvn that We, "WALTER iHAHNn- MANN, WILHELM RUDOLPH, `and Hin-Ninon Hncrrr, citizens of the German Republic, and residing,` at Kitzeberg, near Kiel, and at Kiel, county of SclilesWig-Itlols'tein, yState of Prussia, Germany, have invented certain new .and u'seful Ylmprovements 1in Phase Regulating Devices, of which the following is a specification.

Besides static condensers, which havelbeen used as a means for increasing; the -efliciency of alternating current power plants byelinn inatin the difference -of phase between Athe currentand voltage caused in the distributine` network (or in the appliances and machines connected thereto) by self-induction synchronous machines, collector machines, and more recently, so-called vibratory condensers, i. c. electro-magnetic apparatus with vibrating current-conductors, `have been employed. The costliness ofstatic condensers, andthe large space required for them, have prevented theirgeneral applica tion. The use of.synchronousmachines `and collector machines Vis only economical if these machines are of large size.

The vibratory condensers provided hitherto for the purpose of reducing;` the dilference. of phase have only been used in connection with asynchronous machines. They are made to effect a `*displacement of the phase of the rotor current With respect to ,the electromotive force due to the slip. To this end they are inserted in the circuit of the rotor and caused to .vibrate at the frequency -of the slip, which is Vsmall in comparison with the frequency .of the current in the supply mains, for which it is stilljust possible to construct them. Hence it has hitherto been necessary to employ aseparatc phase regulating;` device foreach currentconsuming machine or applicance, and in in Which no `asynchronous motors u vibratory condensers cannotbe used `Y-inction hereto the present in,

vention consists in aphase regulating` device adapted for operation at the frequency `of the supply .mains, beingarranged to be directly connected Vto the supplymains at any point. Bythe addition of specialauxiliary means 'to vibratory condensers employed hitherto for phase regulating` purposes, it is rendered possible `to produce apparatus units which may be .directly connected to the supply mains tofoperatc at the frequency of the same. Y

By this means the advantage is Vobtained that, contrary to the known arrangements, only a. single phase regulating` device is required for a plurality of'current-consuming appliances so that the attentionfand supervision vrequired is made cheaper and simpier.

`One feature of the invention consists in suspendingthc movable system of the vibra- Vtory condenser by springs, :the particular part 'that is thus elastically and inovably suspended being either the current coil or the armature of the vibratory condenser.

By means of this spring suspension the fre- -quency per 'second of the .vibrator can easily belraised to vibrations per second. andthe frequency ofthe supply mains can thus be attained.

Another 'feature of the invention consists in directly connectinga vibratory.condenser', Whose system is not elastically and n'iovably suspended, to any point of thesupply mains through a "frequency transformer. ln such a case the frequency of the supply mains is reduced by a known form of frequency Seltvery ` little at frequencies that lie much higher or lower than the point ot' resonance, it increases very considerably shortly beliore the point et resonance is reached and decreases very abruptly when the said Yfrequency passes through the point oil' resonance. rIhe reason Jor this is to be sought in the abrupt change et the phase et the diaphragm at the point ot resonance and in the reaction ot its movement-s on the lines ot 'torce et the magnetic tield et the telephone. It is true that a reaction ot he moving diaphragin takes place at all frequencies, but n'hen these 'frequencies dill'er considerably from the natural rate ot vibration ot the diaphragm the amplitude otl its vibrations is too small to have any appreciable eliect on the seit-induction oit the apparatus` But near the point oit resonance this etiect may be so considerable that the receiver, instead et acting as a seit inductioin acts as a capacity.

The invention consists in en'iploying-instead et condensers-an electromagnetic vibrator, based on the principle ot the telephone, and consisting et an iron core, cur rent coils and ay movable armature, `tor the purpose ot eliminating theI seit-induction ot' elements (such as supply mains, machines etc.) carrying alternating currents ot the 'frequencies generally employed. instead ol a` lixed core and a movable armature being used7 the iron bodies o'l" which the magnet consists may be arranged to niove relatively to each other in any suitable mannerA lit is immaterial hoiv the armature is arranged to movey in an apparatus according to the inventionHb'ut the armature is preil erably provided with elastic supports such as a diaphragmn springs or the like.

In cases in which an armature ivith a spring suspending or supporting member is used a permanent magnetic held excited by a continuous current is preferably employed. The elasticv torce et the spring suspension member is given by the mass ot the armature and the frequency ot the current supply, and the natural rate o'li vibration o the armature must approximate the said 'lirequeney. This latter is con'iparatively loiv (in the case ot ordinary supply mains about 50 periods per second) so that the elastic torce ot the spring` support must be made relatively Small. From this it l'olloivs that. when a Ylield excited by continuous current is employed, an attraction ot the armature by the pole ot the magnet vvill occur by which the armature is prevented trom vibrating.

A problem which arises is thereftore to prevent this disturbing attraction. rPhe selutions contemplated by the invention are either to eliminate by an opposing Yloree the frz' ting torce .due to the lield excited by the continuous current, or to arrange the switching devices for the continuous and alternating currents in such a manner that the continuous current is positively switched on atter the alternating current, i. e. during the vibration ot the armature, or to omit the excitation ot the lield by continuous current-the` last n'ieasure is possible, because its adoption only involves an in crease et the alternating current required lor ope 1ating the apparatuse this increase being oilset by the saving ot the energy required for polarizing the lield. Hence the economical Working of the apparatus does not sullfer from this measure. lt should be stated incidentally that the mechanical tuning frequency ot a non-polarized apparatus must be made tivice as high as that ot' a polarized apparatus. because one niechaniczl vibration taires place for each electrical alternation.

It the first ot the three aboveanentioned solutions is adopted, it must be remembered that the 'torce which counterbalances the torce ot attraction ot the magnetic lield must not be such as to interfere With the timing of the arn'iature that is required tor the proper operation ot' the apparatus. lin an api/)aratus 4lor practi 'al use the counter-- balancing torce employed will preferably also be produced by an electric current. To this end a second magnetic held which is opposed to the operating lield may be made to act upon the armatiue.

lt' a continuous current circuit is used 'l'or the purpose ot polarizing the magnetic lielfl. the apparatus should have an alternatingv current coil and a continuous current coil. and these coils ivill act lilie a translornier. i. e. an alternating current ivill be induced in the continuous current coil which necessitates the insertion ot a choking coil in the continuous current circuit. This choking coil must be all the larger because it must also carry the continuous polarizing current.

Another teature ot the invention courir: in an arrangement which enables the .said choking coil to be dispensed vfilh or its size to be greatly reduced. ln this arrainreineut one or more pairs o'l" magnetic l'ields are ciuployed the continuous current exciting coils o'lf which are connected in such a manner that the alternating currents indiued in them acl: in opposition and entirelyv or partly neutralize each other. lt is possible to employ entire phas regulating apparatuses, or a single apparatus or a number o'l` them with tivo magnetic lields each and tire polarizing coils each may be used.

in accordance lWith another Yfeature et the invention the disturbing attraction or bits ot the vibratingl arniiature may be avoided by a special manner ot arrang'ng this armatine. rl`his consils in causing the armature.tovibrate l.pastpafrts of the poles ot. Athe electromagnetin a direction `extendingpractically parallel tothe adjacent pole tacesvor end surtac'eso'f theselparts. `Ylith this arrangement the attractive torce otthe main magnetic field acting on lthe movable armature .and due to the continuous current Winding` isalwaysielqually strong in tvro opposite directions. The armature is held by ya spring` support in lthis arrangement also. The spring` suspension member vinay .here be `used for eliminatingv thedeleterious `eltects l ot an .asymmetrical l distribu- 'tionot the magnetic yfield. To this end the armature may be suspended insuch a mannerthat in vibrating into the spacebetween the etliective ,parts or poles ot the elect-rovmagnet it hasonly to overcome the normal opposing; force .exerted by its spring support, but that this supporting member oliers a much greater resistance .to notions ot the armature vwhich are directed towards the surtacesoitvthe saidfparts or poles. Suitable Alorms ot supporting.members 'tor this purpose are band-springs, diaphrairins oi' the like, which allow the arn'iature to viliirate at right angles 'to their main surtaces but `prevent it :trom moving in a. direction parallel to these surfaces.

In order Vto obtain a distribution ot the lines ot forcebetiveen the poles ot the electromagnet which is favorable to the vibrations ot thearmature the pole Ypieces or the armature, or both, will preferably be scrrated. rThe result achieved by-this arrangement is that arconsiderable concentration ott lines oit ,forces Will talreplace even at the outer edejes (at the 'lirst seri-ation) ot the poles and armature so that aconsiderable torce that operates to pullthc armatureinto the space between the poles'is obtained. In other Words thetield intensity'is thuscauscd tochangfe verv considerably during),` the niotionfo'l1 the armature.

Sonie way-s of carrying` out the invention are illustrated in the drawing in Which,

Fig. l lis a diagrammatic representation oit a `phase regulatingvdevice With a lvibrating' movement or system mounted on a spring support, e

F 2 shows an 4electromagnetic vibratory condenser.constructed lilre a telephone receiver, l

,Figa 3 represents graphs which explain the action ot vibratory condensers,

Figs. Ll to 8 show other sWays oi" using the ,principle ot the telephone `receiver lin constructing' phase regulating' devices,

Fig'. 4 representing` anapparatus With one diaphraginancl aV compensatinglield,

Fig: r5 a similar apparatus but Wit-h two diaphragme,

Fig. (i showingan apparatus in which a ,switch is v,provided by which the continuous tor the vreason Vvibiauiing' c i. e. the apparatus acts like a capacity With current can only vbcsivitclied onalter 'the alternating' current,

Fig. 5a showing a` m'oditicationfoi the contacts arranged on barrel in yFig'. 6,

Fig. 7 showing' an apparatus similar to that ot Fig. tl but vvith an automatic motordriven switch,

8 a phase regulator ivith a non-polarized held, n

9 and l0` illustrate apparatus with yarr-ang` ments vvhicli enable tl e choking coils ordinarily employed inthe continuous current polarizing circuit to lbe dispensed with or yto be made inuch smaller 4than usual,

tlbeing an apparatus With tivo dia* phragnis and Fig. Al() an apparatus with one diaphragm Fig. ll shows an apparatus 'vvliose armature is a ranged to vib'ate in a direct-ion parallel tothe pole 'tacos et its electromagl2 shows a modification otFigij. ll vvith its armature and ,pole laces serated s liere.inbetore set forth.

'libe p regulating device ot l is shown connected to the alternatingl current mains l, The device comprises an armature 5 adapted to vibrate in a magnetic lield and provided vvith slip rings connected 'lo the current supply mains. iittached to the armature is a pin'tlconnected to one end ot a spiral spring' 8 `whose other end attached to a tired holding` member i'. 9 and lll are pole pieces ot' an electroinaignet.

`ri"he vibratory condenser shown in Fig. E2 is siinilai in construction to la telephone receiver having an eleccromagnet with liaphragni. l. l are the alternat- `f ing current supply inais to which current consuminav iuaclii or apiiiliaucesf-i il, l2 are connected. rlhe coil i3 ivhiclras 'wound on the liron core ot the electronil netic vibratory condenser is ,connected in parallel to the supply mains. rlhe armature l5 oi the eloctronzapgnet is supported by a diaphragm 16. The electroniagnet is polarized by a continuous current iloivinp,` through its polarizing Winding '17.

The operation ot the several a'fore-described apparatus may be explained With the aid ot Fig. The curve a represents the amplitudes ot the vibrations Which the armature executes at different frequencies ot the exciting),` current, and the curve Z2 shows the corresponding` values ot the self-iin duction of the apparatus. ln the region c-rZ'the curve 7) Agoes.lrenezth the abscissa,

resistance.

Figs. i and 5 illustrate phase regulating; devices constructed on the principle of the' telephone receiver and provided with. magi netic tields which Counterbalance the force of the polarizing tield that might prevent the armature from vibrating.

In Fig. 4 15 is the vibrating armature held by a spring` support in the shape ol a diaphragm 1G. Separated by a small gap from this armature are the field magnets 1l and 1lprovided with alternating` current coils 13 and 13', and continuous current coils 17 and 17. The alternating current coils are connected to the supply mains 1, 2. The attractive forces exerted by the continuons magnetic lields on the armature 15 counterlnilance each other as nearly as possible.; The alternating cnrrents coils 13 and 1B may be connected in series instead o'l in parallel as shown in Fig. 1, and instead et' two separate continuous current batteries a common battery may be used.

The parts in Fig. 5 that correspond to those oit Fig. lf have likereierence characters. However in Fig. 5 there are two arniatnres which are arranged to cooperate through a lever 18 pivoted at 19. The attractive forces set up in the magnets la, 14e tend to rotate the lever 18 in opposite directions and as these forces are equal the movable system remains in its normal position. The alternating current coils are connected in series and wound in such a way that. the one coil operates to weaken its associated polarized lield when the other coil operates to strengthen its field.

In the apparatus of Figs. 6 and 7 a ditferent method is employed for preventing' the vibration ot the armature from being interfered with by the polarizing, field pro duced by continuous current, this met-hed consisting,` in switching on the alternating current betere the continuous current. In Fic'. 6 the leads to the continuons current coil 1 7 and the altermitingl current coil. 13 ol the electromannet 14 are connected to the brushes 20, 21 o a barrel switch provided with metallic Contact sur't'aces 223, i241; which are so disposed that when lthe barrel is turned the alternating ciu-rent, brushes Q0 are intercminected before the continuons current brushes 21.

ln Fig'. 7 the alternating current leads 25, Q6, the continuons current lead S27, and the one lead 29 o't a motor 30 thatfactuates a switching device 29, are led through a common 'tour-armed switch B1. rllhe continuous current circuit 32 leads 'roin the one pole of the battery through the windings ol two relays and 34- to a brush 36 that contacts with the barrel ot the rotary switch, and from the second pole ot the battery the said circuit leads through the switch 31, to the polarizing` winding 17 of the vibrator and to a brush 38 that wipes on a slipring 37 oit the barrel switch. rl`he second lead to the motor 30 ertends through the armature Contact l0 ol the relay 33 to the motor which receives its current from the battery 41. The barrel has a segment l2 which is permanently connected through the sliprin- 87 to the brush 38 and which makes contact with the other brush 3G when the barrel is turned. Fixed to the barrel is a circle oli teeth t3 adapted to be engaged by a detent le actuated by a relay Also attached to the barrel is a spring l5 which tends to turn the barrel back into its normal fno-contact position atter it has been rotated so as to establish a connection between the brush and the segment 12. The motor is coupled to the barrel through a speed changing gear .LG.

The. object ot this arrangement is to enable the continuous current to be switched on at a certain Vtime atter the alternating cnrrent. The mode ot operation oi: the arrangement is as 'tollowsz lVhen the switch 3l is thrown to the right the circuit of the motor 30 is closed and at the same time the lea-fl 27 is connected to the vibrator. The noter turns the barrel until the segment makes contact with the brush 3G. The continuous current circuit 27, 32 will then he closed. .itt the same time the relay is energized and opens the contact 10, thus interrupting the motor circuit and causingr the barrel to stop. The relay 3% is enerl`frized together with the relay and moves the detent. ift into engagement with. the toothed wheel so that the barrel locked. The relays remain energized and the parts oil the barrel switch are kept in their opcrated positions so long' as the vibrator is used. lllhen the continuous current lead 27 interrupted by the opening; ot the switch 31 the relays 33, 3ft are deenergized and the contact et() is closed while the barrel olf the switch is restored to its normal position shown by the spring 15.

rllhe time that expires between the two moments in which the alternating and continuous currents are switched on may be altered at will by regulating' the speed ot revolution o't the motor, changing t-he speed changine` gear ot the barrel.I altering; the circumference ol the barrel or thc position ot the segment on the same.

lt, atter the vibration ot the. armature ot the apparatus ot Fins. (i and 7 has commenced. the continuous current is switched on with Yliull strength, the vibratingl parts will be excited in such a way at the moment et closure ot the continuous current circuit that the frequency or the said vibrations will drop to one halt ot what it was np to the said moment. rfhat is a vibratory system that was vibrating' with a frequency ot 100 will suddenly commence .f'ibrating with YFrequency oit 50. rThis behaviour of the apparatus is permissible, because the vibratory system, which is mechanically tuned to a low frequency (50 in the case under conside ation) has not executed vibrations of an appreciable amplitude as long as its field is not polarized. Nevertheless it is preferable to even out the abrupt change in the rate vibration by switchingl on the continuous current, or the continuous and alternating currents gradually. This can be accomplished by providing; resistances .in the circuits which are gradually cut out. Thus in the arrangements shown in Figs. G and 7, instead of one large contact plate, such as 2, 24, or 42 respectively, a number of contacts might be mounted on the barrel between which might be connected suitable resistances. As an example such a modification of barrel 22 of Fig. 6 is illustrated in Fig. 6 in which a large contact plate 23 and 24 is provided for ach respective circuit, and adjacent to each of these plates are mounted on barrel 22 a number of contacts 23a and 24a respectively, which are connected respectively by resistances 23b and 24". 1When these plate groups come into operative relation with their respective brush pairs 2O and 21, these resistances are at first interposed into the circuits controlled and gradually cut out as the barrel is rotated until the brush pairs are shortcircuited on the last contact. Contact plate 42 in Fig. 7 may be similarly subdivided and provided with resistances. rThese resistances might be disposed in suitable manner inside of the barrel, not shown here.

In Fig. 8 a phase regulating device is shown in which the vibrations of the armature produced by the alternating current is not interfered with by a permanent or polarized field, because such a field is absent.

In Fig. 9 the possibility of dispensing with, or reducing the size of, the choking coils ordinarily needed in the continuous current or polarizing circuit on account of the alternating currents induced in the same is obtained by using' two electromagnets 14 and 14 with separate armatures 15 and 15 and coils 13, 13 and 17, 17 respectively, the latter (17, 17) being` supplied with continuous current from the battery 48. The alternating` current coils 13, 13 are connected to the supply mains 1, 2 in series. The alternating cur ents induced in the coils 17, 17 are made to neutralize each other more or less by so connecting these coils that their currents oppose one another. The current flowing, in these coils is thus kept so weak that no special chokingcoil (or only a small clicking coil) needs to be inserted in their circuit.

The method employed in the apparatus of Fig, 10 is similar. This apparatus has only one armature but it also has two electromagnets 14, 14 provided with continnous current coils 17, 17" connected to a battery 48. The alternating` coil 13 which. is associated with one electromagnet 14 only induces an alternating current inv17. The motion ofthe armature 1F also gives rise to an alterna-ting; rent in` 17. 'Ihe coils 1.7 and 17 connected in such a manner that the alternating currents induced in them counteract each other. veitage that might result from slight differences between the alternating' voltages in the two coils may be choked olf by a very small choking coil.

In the apparatus shown in Figs. 11 and 12 the armature is held by its spring support in such a manner that it vilo-rates between the pole faces of the electromagnet but--in contradistinc-tion from the devices hereinbefore described--is prevented from moving; towards the said pole faces. rI"he armature vibrates in a direction approximately parallel to the surfaces of the pole faces. riQhe attractive forces of the two poles exerted on the armature and due to the excitation by continuous current are equal and opposed to each other so that no bias can be given to the armature. The armature is supported by a spring member in the form of a diaphragmv or metal ribbon 16.

In order to obtain a favorable distribution of the lines of force of the magnetic field the effective surfaces or pole faces 49 of the magnet and the cooperating surfaces of the armature may be serrated as shown in Fig. 12. The dimensions of the teeth are preferably made to correspond with the amplitude of the vibrating` part, i. e. the height of the teeth is made about equal to the amplitude of vibration of the armatures. i

7e claim 1. In an alternating` current supply sys-A tem means for improving the power factor by reducing the phase difference between current and voltage, a phase regulator having a vibratory body and a spring` support for holding said body, said system being tune-d substantially to the frequency of the current supply system, said ree'ulator adapted to be connected to any point of the supply system.

2. In an alternating` current supply system means for improving;v the power factor by reducing the phase difference between current and voltage, a phase regulator having a vibratory armature and a spring` support for said armature, the natural frequency of said system being slightly greater than the frequency of the currentsupply system, said regulator adapted to be connected to any point of 'the supply system.

3. In an alternating current supply system means for improving the power factor by reducing the phase difference between Any residual llO current and voltage, a phase regulator 112W- the current consuming device causing said ing n, Vbratory body and L spring support dference in phase.

for holding Suid body7 said System being In testimony whereof We efx our sgna- 10 tuned Substantially to the frequency of the tures.

` current supply System, said regulator adapt- VALTER HAHNEMANN.

ed to be connected to any point of the sup- VVILHELNI RUDOLPH. ply system, irrespective of the location of HEINRICH HECHT. 

